古玩行2020精品推荐第2期：北宋钧窑瓷碗

距今800年前的新时期时代，最早的人们就掌握了制陶技术，特别是到了商代，已经出现了瓷器的雏形。当时已出现一种最早的青釉器，烧纸的温度可达到1200摄氏度左右，在釉下也刻有各种纹理纹饰，比如雷纹、水波纹、叶脉纹、圆点网纹等等。

In the new era 800 years ago, the earliest people had mastered the pottery making technology. Especially in the Shang Dynasty, the prototype of porcelain had appeared. At that time, a kind of earliest celadon ware appeared. The temperature of burning paper can reach about 1200 ℃, and there are various texture patterns under the glaze, such as thunder pattern, water wave pattern, leaf vein pattern, dot net pattern, etc.

直到隋唐时期，南、北方都有了青瓷的烧造，越窑瓷无论从胎釉、纹饰、种类和形制都远远超过了以往。其中湖南长沙窑烧成了釉下彩绘的瓷器，开了以后彩瓷的先河。宋代是我国瓷器发展的一个极盛时期，“汝、官、钧、哥、定”五大名窖异彩纷呈，便形成了“南青北白”的局面，其中最为出名的便是钧窑瓷器。

Until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, celadon was made in the north and the south. Yue Kiln porcelain, no matter from the fetal glaze, pattern, type and shape, is far more than before. Among them, Changsha kiln in Hunan Province has been burned into underglaze painted porcelain, which has become the first one for later colored porcelain. Song Dynasty is a peak period of China's porcelain development. The five famous cellars of Ru, Guan, Jun, GE and Ding are colorful, forming the situation of "South Green and North white", among which Jun kiln porcelain is the most famous.

钧窑，也叫钧台窑，它是在柴窑和鲁山花瓷的风格基础上综合而成的一种独特风格，因道家思想深刻影响，在宋徽宗时期达到高峰，其工艺技术发挥到极致。无论是呈色和各种纹理的表现，做到窑变可控随心所欲的表现技术，至今无人能仿造。宋代受到理学的影响，反应在瓷器上就是规整对称，无论是造型或纹理都遵循这一原则，特别是北宋官造钧瓷，不管是文房用具或大型祭器都严格遵守这一原则。规整对称，高雅大气，宫廷气势，一丝不苟。其势沉重古朴，明亮而深沉。钧窑，作为中国传统瓷文化正宗，历史悠久的风格传承至今。放大镜观察，蚯蚓走泥纹，用气泡一个个串连一体呈立体的爬行状，青蛙卵纹包裹卵核一摞摞正欲孵化而出。还有牛血纹，血色深红暗沉杀气腾腾，庄重威严等等，都难以一一叙述。北宋官窑钧瓷的发色和纹理大小和分布，都难以做到人为控制而恰到好处。

Jun kiln, also known as Juntai kiln, is a unique style based on the style of Chai kiln and Lushan Huaci. It reached its peak in the period of Huizong of Song Dynasty due to the profound influence of Taoism, and its technology reached its acme. No matter it's the performance of color and texture, it's the performance technology that makes the kiln change controllable and arbitrary. Up to now, no one can imitate it. Influenced by Neo Confucianism, the Song Dynasty reflected the regularity and symmetry of porcelain, which was followed in both modeling and texture, especially in Jun porcelain made by officials in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was strictly followed in both stationery and large sacrificial vessels. Regular symmetry, elegant atmosphere, court momentum, meticulous. It is heavy, simple, bright and deep. Jun kiln, as the authentic Chinese traditional porcelain culture, has a long history of style inheritance. Through magnifying glass observation, earthworms walk along mud lines, and use bubbles to form a three-dimensional climbing line. Frog egg lines wrap egg cores and stack them to hatch. There are also cattle blood lines, dark red blood, murderous, solemn and dignified, etc., which are difficult to describe one by one. The size and distribution of hair color and texture of Jun porcelain in the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty are difficult to be controlled properly.

钧窑在其他窑口中最为突出的特点就是其窑口出的瓷器不定性，钧窑不仅开创了我国窑变釉瓷器的先河，而且钧窑器物的成型和高超的烧窑技术，一直为后世赞叹不已，在各大拍卖场，只要出现钧窑瓷器，都会被买家争先抢购，早在2013年11月香港佳士得拍卖公司就曾拍卖过一款钧窑玫瑰紫釉鼓钉三足洗，最终以123万美金（USD）成交，折合人民币757万。

The most prominent feature of Jun kiln in other kilns is the uncertainty of the porcelains from its kilns. Jun kiln not only pioneered the transformation of China's glazes porcelains, but also the shaping of Jun kiln artifacts and superb kiln firing technology, which has been admired by later generations. In major auction houses, as long as Jun kiln porcelains appear, they will be snapped up by buyers. As early as November 2013, Christie's auction company in Hong Kong A Jun kiln rose purple glaze drum nail three-step washing was auctioned, and the final deal was $1.23 million (USD), equivalent to RMB 7.57 million.

由此可见，钧窑瓷器在拍卖会上越来越抢手，并且其价值更是超过了“汝、官、哥、定”等窑口的其次，称为瓷器中的“皇帝”。钧窑瓷器最为突出的一点还是取决于每一件钧窑都是"独一无二"的，没有相同的釉色，没有相同的款式，更没有相同的重量。

It can be seen that Jun kiln porcelain is more and more popular in the auction, and its value is more than that of "Ru, Guan, Ge, Ding" and other kilns. It is called the "emperor" of porcelain. The most outstanding point of Jun porcelain is that each piece of Jun porcelain is "unique", without the same glaze color, style or weight.

钧窑的制作十分严格，钧窑的稀少以及珍贵完全是缘于宋徽宗的“完美主义”，在宋徽宗在位期间，他将钧窑定位御窑，专门生产贡瓷，但是为了追求完美的贡瓷及釉色，一方面不计成本的生产贡瓷，另一方面又严格规定着，每年御窑中只能生产36件绝品钧窑。

The production of Jun kiln is very strict. The rarity and preciousness of Jun kiln is entirely due to the "perfectionism" of Huizong of Song Dynasty. During the reign of Huizong of Song Dynasty, he positioned Jun kiln as a royal kiln and specialized in producing tribute porcelain. However, in order to pursue perfect tribute porcelain and glaze color, on the one hand, he produced tribute porcelain regardless of cost, on the other hand, he strictly stipulated that only 36 unique Jun kilns can be produced in the Royal kiln every year.

根据文献记载，当时铸造钧窑时，必须要有官员在场监看，在挑选出符合宫廷器物条件的宫廷制品后，其余的一律销毁，就算是残障断片，也不允许流入民间，由此可见钧窑的珍贵之处，更别提工艺铸造之法和秘籍了。

According to the literature, when casting Jun kiln at that time, officials must be present to watch. After selecting the palace products that meet the requirements of the palace artifacts, the rest of them will be destroyed. Even the disabled fragments will not be allowed to flow into the people. This shows the value of Jun kiln, not to mention the process casting method and secret script.

此藏品口微敛、深弧腹，小圈足，端庄古雅，简约自然。素面无纹饰，纯以钧釉为饰，口沿处釉色薄而呈淡淡的褐黄色，轮廓鲜明。代表着钧窑延续宋代追求简约自然，一色匀净、不事雕琢的审美性格。近底露出淡黄胎体，厚实古拙。其釉色流动生辉，胎质细腻，釉层肥厚。窑变特征明显，胎质坚实，器型端庄，较为罕见，极具收藏价值！钧窑器型一直都规整严谨，比例协调合理，重心或多或少有下坠感。高贵大气，相当震撼，更是难得一件的钧瓷精品!整体造型规整，线条自然流畅，富有艺术价值，极具收藏意义。

This collection has a slightly convergent mouth, deep arc abdomen, small circle feet, dignified and elegant, simple and natural. There is no pattern on the plain surface. It is decorated with Jun glaze. The glaze along the mouth is thin and light brown yellow, with distinct outline. It represents Jun kiln's aesthetic character of pursuing simplicity and nature, uniform color and no carving. Pale yellow carcass is exposed near the bottom, thick and clumsy. Its glaze color is flowing and glowing, with fine texture and thick glaze layer. Kiln change features obvious, solid, elegant, rare, very valuable collection! Jun kiln has always been regular and rigorous, reasonable proportion, more or less the center of gravity has a sense of falling. Noble atmosphere, quite shocking, is a rare Jun porcelain boutique! The overall shape is regular, the lines are natural and smooth, rich in artistic value, and has great collection significance.

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