特别推荐第八期：乾隆通宝 赏析

货币是用于度量价格的工具，和购买货物的媒介，也是保存财富的一种手段，“吾以吾之所有予市场，换吾之所需”，这就是货币的运用手段。不过最早的社会中，是没有“货币”这一说法的，人们普遍以物易物，通过交换来获得自己想要的东西，之后才诞生了货币这一物物交换的中间媒介。我国使用货币已经有四千年多年的历史了，也是世界上使用货币最早的国家之一。我们所使用的最早的货币是海贝，在如今挖掘出来的史前文化遗址中，也发现了海贝的痕迹。

Money is a tool for measuring prices, a medium for purchasing goods, and a means of preserving wealth. "I give what I have to the market in exchange for what I need". This is the means of using money. However, in the earliest society, there was no such term as "money". People generally exchanged things for each other to obtain what they wanted through exchange. Then money, the intermediate medium of barter, was born. China has used currency for more than 4000 years. It is also one of the earliest countries to use currency in the world. The earliest coin we used was seashells, which were also found in prehistoric cultural sites excavated today.

我国的货币不仅有着悠久的历史，连种类也是十分的多，形成了与其他国家 不同的货币文化。海贝作为最早的货币，随着商品经济的发展，天然的贝壳供不应求，最后就诞生了人工的货币，之后随着时代的发展，出现了铜制的金属货币。春秋战国之后，以贝为货币的历史就已经成为过去了，而这一时期，人们还没有形成统一的货币，每个地区都有各地的钱币。秦灭六国之后，将方孔半两钱作为法定货币，我国古代的货币形态才固定下来，而这一形态一直延续使用到了清朝末年。

China's currency not only has a long history, but also has many kinds, forming a different monetary culture from other countries. As the earliest currency, with the development of commodity economy, natural shells are in short supply. Finally, artificial currency was born. With the development of the times, copper metal currency appeared. After the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the history of using shellfish as currency has become a thing of the past. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the six states, it took square hole and half Liang coin as legal tender, and the form of money in ancient China was fixed, and this form continued to be used until the end of Qing Dynasty.

在如今的古玩收藏界，收藏家收藏的玩意种类繁多，有的喜欢瓷器，有的喜欢字画，而钱币作为法定的货币，在商品交换的过程中起到了重要作用。而抛去货币的种种角色，仅仅只作为艺术品和文物，货币也深得收藏家的青睐，有时候在拍卖场上也能看到货币的身影。无论是现代货币，还是古代货币，都有收藏价值，每一种货币都与当时的政治、经济、文化有着密切的联系，所以货币也是能够反映历史的物件之一。时间不断的前进，年代越久远，发行量越少的货币，就成为货币收藏家眼中的香饽饽。

In today's antique collection, collectors collect a wide variety of things, some like porcelain, some like calligraphy and painting, and money as legal currency, plays an important role in the process of commodity exchange. The various roles of money are discarded, only as works of art and cultural relics. Money has also won the favor of collectors. Sometimes, money can be seen in auction. Both modern currency and ancient currency have collection value. Each currency is closely related to politics, economy and culture at that time. Therefore, currency is one of the objects that can reflect history. With the development of time, the older the time is, the less currency the circulation is, and it becomes a hot topic in the eyes of currency collectors.

雍正十三年（1735年），清高宗即位，改元乾隆。铸行“乾隆通宝”，要求仍重一钱二分，该钱书法铸工都比雍正时更为精美。最初清政府仍继续执行通货紧缩的政策。钱局较雍正时有所增减，首先在乾隆四年，停了宝河、宝巩、宝济三局，于乾隆五年时开宝福局，七年开宝桂局，十年开宝直局。乾隆朝以前的制钱不加锡，以铜、铅、锌配制，称之为“黄钱”，在乾隆五年规定在铸钱铜料之中加百分之二的锡，称为“青钱”。官方说是为杜绝私钱，实则无异于减重。“乾隆四十年时，私铸情况日盛，各省官员出现盗铸，政府对此无计可施，加上云南铜产量逐年递减，导致铜价飞涨，铸钱成本也随之水涨船高。清政府继而又采取了通货紧缩政策，先后停铸了宝直、大理、广西、临安等局，同时鼓励商人从海外进口铜材。但是这些措施未能从根本上解决问题，私铸虽有所减少，但官钱不见增加，民间交易缺钱，就出现了使用古钱的现象。到了乾隆五十年后，又相继开了宝直等局，同时放宽了铸钱的标准，所以导致乾隆后期制钱的质量参差不齐，大不如初的情况。

In 1735, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty ascended the throne and changed the reign of Emperor Qianlong. The "Qianlong Tongbao" requires that one coin and two cents should be paid more attention to, and the calligraphy of the coin is more exquisite than that of the Yongzheng period. At first, the Qing government continued to implement the policy of deflation. First, in the fourth year of Qianlong reign, Baohe, Baogong and Baoji were suspended. In the fifth year of Qianlong reign, Baofu Bureau was opened, Baogui Bureau was opened in the seventh year, and Baozhi Bureau was opened in the tenth year. Before Qianlong Dynasty, copper, lead and zinc were used to make coins, which were called "yellow coins". In the fifth year of Qianlong reign, it was stipulated that 2% tin should be added to the copper materials for coin casting, which was called "green money". Officials say it's to stop private money, but it's like losing weight. "In the forty years of Qianlong, the situation of private casting became more and more popular, and officials in various provinces appeared to steal casting. The government could not do anything about it. In addition, the copper production in Yunnan Province decreased year by year, which led to the soaring copper price and the cost of casting money. The Qing government then adopted the policy of deflation, stopped casting Baozhi, Dali, Guangxi, Lin'an and other bureaus successively, and encouraged merchants to import copper from overseas. However, these measures failed to fundamentally solve the problem. Although private casting has been reduced, there is no increase in official money, and there is a lack of money in private transactions, which leads to the use of ancient money. Fifty years after the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Baozhi and other bureaus were successively opened, and the standard of coin casting was relaxed. As a result, the quality of money making in the later period of Qianlong was uneven, which was quite different from the original situation.

乾隆通宝是乾隆时期流通的货币，从公元1736年至公元1795年六十年的时间里，乾隆皇帝在位时间整整六十年，而乾隆在位期间，所铸造钱币的数量，要远远多于雍正和顺治通宝。乾隆在位期间，是我国历史上最后一个辉煌盛世，又因为“乾隆”谐音为“钱隆”，所以乾隆通宝成为很多收藏家争相收藏的钱币。

Qianlong Tongbao was the currency in circulation during the Qianlong period. From 1736 to 1795, Emperor Qianlong was in power for 60 years. During the reign of Qianlong, the number of coins was much more than that of Yongzheng and Shunzhi Tongbao. During the reign of Qianlong, it was the last glorious and prosperous period in China's history. Because the homonym of "Qianlong" was "Qianlong", Qianlong Tongbao became the coins that many collectors scrambled to collect.

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