四川 铜币

四川铜币,是晚清和北洋时期四川省地方政权铸造的货币。由于川省银铜矿缺乏,加之辛亥革命以后军阀割据,致使中央政府《币制条例》关于铜币之原料比例、铜币面额的规定没有严格遵守,四川铜币发行量十分巨大,致使物价虚高、影响经济发展。四川铜币,自光绪二十九年(1903年)六月开铸,至民国二十四年(1935年)十一月法币开始流通才逐渐退出流通领域。

清光绪二十六年(1900年),两广总督李鸿章奏准在广东开铸圆形无孔铜币(铜元)。次年,清政府谕令沿江沿海各省准许仿造 。光绪二十七年,四川省在成都设四川铜元局,于二十九年六月开工铸造当五 、当十文面额 铜币,七月增铸当二十文铜币。光绪三十四年,户部通令各省暂停铸造铜币,四川总督赵尔丰请免停,获准续铸。宣统元年,度支部下令撤并各省银铜厂局,赵尔丰再次请求续铸获准。四川遂成为宣统年间少数可续铸大清铜币的省份。辛亥革命以后,四川大汉军政府于1912年4月废止大清铜币模板,改铸“汉”字铜元,有当10文、20文、50文三种面额。1913年,增铸当100文、200文的铜币。1913年5月,重庆铜元局建成开工,均仿成都厂模式。进入北洋时代以后,军阀割据、时局动荡,铜价高昂,于是四川铸币厂采取降等减重、加大面值的方法谋取私利。民间除老一百文、老两百文铜币色泽稍紫外,其余呈黄白色,质地劣于大清铜币。1914年起,专铸当100文、当200文铜元。各军阀纷纷效尤,铸造的铜币达数亿枚,四川币制混乱不堪。1935年,国民政府在四川推行法币,四川铜币遂逐渐退出流通市场。

Sichuan copper coin was a currency cast by the local government of Sichuan Province in the late Qing Dynasty and the Beiyang Period.Due to the shortage of silver and copper mines in Sichuan Province, and the warlords' independence after the Revolution of 1911, the central government's "Currency System Regulations" on the ratio of raw materials and denomination of copper coins did not strictly abide by the provisions, so the copper coins issued in Sichuan were very large, resulting in artificially high prices and affecting economic development.Sichuan copper coins were cast in June, the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), and gradually withdrew from the circulation field in November, the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935), when legal tender began to circulate.

In 1900, Li Hongzhang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, cast round copper coins in Guangdong.The following year, the Qing government ordered the coastal provinces along the river to permit counterfeiting.Guangxu twenty-seven years, Sichuan Province in Chengdu set up Sichuan Copper Bureau, in June twenty-nine when five, when ten denomination copper coins began casting, in July when 20 copper coins.Guangxu thirty-four years, the Ministry of Housing ordered the provinces to suspend the casting of copper coins, Sichuan Governor Zhao Erfeng please do not stop, allowed to continue casting.In the first year of Xuantong, the branch ordered the withdrawal of the silver and copper factory bureau of the provinces, Zhao Erfeng again asked for permission to continue casting.Sichuan then became Xuantong years a few can continue to cast Daqing copper coins province.After the Revolution of 1911, Sichuan Han military government abolished the Qing Dynasty copper coin template in April 1912, and changed the casting of "Han" copper coins, which have three denominations of 10, 20 and 50.In 1913, copper coins of 100 and 200 coins were added.In May 1913, Chongqing Tongyuan Bureau was built and started, all imitating the model of Chengdu Factory.After entering the Beiyang era, warlords were divided, the situation was turbulent, and the copper price was high. Therefore, the Sichuan Mint took the methods of reducing the weight and increasing the face value to seek personal gains.In addition to the old one hundred and two hundred copper coins, the color of the folk coins is slightly ultraviolet, and the rest are yellow and white, and the texture is inferior to that of the Qing copper coins.Since 1914, specially cast when 100, when 200 copper yuan.Warlords have followed suit, casting hundreds of millions of copper coins, Sichuan currency system chaos.In 1935, the Nationalist Government carried out legal tender in Sichuan, and Sichuan copper coins gradually withdrew from the circulation market.

四川铜币本是辅助货币,用于零星交易,但当一百文、当二百文的铜币大行其道,已不适合于社会生活之情形,卖者无较低面值货币找回,乃给予其他货物,竟退回物物交换的时代。且“劣币驱逐良币”,当50文、20文、10文的铜币早已绝迹于川省,或者流出省外  。银价、物价飞涨,严重影响中下层人民生活,例如1934年宜宾市面银价涨至每元二十五六串 。

停铸大面值四川铜币的声音一直都有,整理川省币制的文章也常见于报载。例如1915年《成都造币分厂详请停铸当五十铜币以防流弊》一文中直指“厂中铸本亏折太甚,又不得不多铸当五十铜元,以资接济,明知多铸铜元为饮鸩止渴之谋,而维持现状,实一时权宜之计” 。1925年《四川铜币之整理问题》一文中作者提出铸造新铜币、销毁旧铜币、限制流通额、发行铜元票、监管铜元局五条建议 。1925年四川公民骆身斋等通电请求政府停铸大额铜币 。

国民政府于1930年代后期开始整理四川金融秩序,推行法币,此举遭到地方利益集团的阻碍,他们囤积铜币致使市面铜币顿感缺乏、法币兑换价值忽告跌落,对此国民政府出台专门政策保护法币的推行

Sichuan copper coin is an auxiliary currency, used for sporadic transactions, but when one hundred, when two hundred copper coins are popular, it is not suitable for the situation of social life, the seller has no lower face value currency to find, but to give other goods, but returned to the era of barter.And "bad money drives out good money", when 50, 20 and 10 coins have already disappeared in Sichuan Province, or out of the province.The soaring price of silver seriously affected the life of the middle and lower classes. For example, in 1934, the price of silver in Yibin rose to 25 strings per yuan.

The voice of stopping the casting of large face value Sichuan copper coins has always been there, and articles on the currency system of Sichuan Province are also common in newspapers.For example, in 1915, "Chengdu Mint Factory, please stop casting when 50 copper coins to prevent abuses" in this article refers to "the factory cast this loss is too great, and have to cast more than 50 copper dollars, to fund, knowing that more copper dollars to drink poison quench thirst, and maintain the status quo, it is a temporary expediency".In 1925, the author of the article "Problems in the Arrangement of Sichuan Copper Coins" put forward five suggestions: casting new copper coins, destroying old copper coins, restricting the circulation amount, issuing copper dollar bills and supervising the copper dollar bureau.In 1925, the citizens of Sichuan, such as Luoshenzhai, sent a telegram to request the government to stop casting large copper coins.

In the late 1930s, the Kuomintang government began to organize the financial order in Sichuan and promote fiat currency. However, this was hindered by local interest groups, who hoarded copper coins, resulting in the lack of copper coins in the market and the sudden decline of the exchange value of fiat currency. In this regard, the Kuomintang government issued special policies to protect the implementation of fiat currency